<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jkto</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кафедра травматологии и ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-2016</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ПРОФИЛЬ — 2С</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10/17238/issn2226-2016.2025.3.59-69</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">jkto-52</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LITERATURE REVIEW</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Современные тенденции хирургического лечения локальных хрящевых и костно-хрящевых дефектов коленного сустава</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Current trends in surgical treatment of local cartilaginous and bone-cartilaginous defects of the knee joint</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Егиазарян</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Egiazaryan</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Егиазарян Карен Альбертович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой травматологии, ортопедии и военно-полевой хирургии</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1. Москва, 117321</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Karen A. Egiazaryan, the Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, the head of the department of traumatology, orthopedics and military field surgery</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">egkar@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазишвили</surname><given-names>Г. Д.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazishvili</surname><given-names>G. D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Лазишвили Гурам Давидович, доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры травматологии, ортопедии и военно-полевой хирургии</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1. Москва, 117321</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Guram D. Lazishvili, the Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor of the department of traumatology, orthopedics and military field surgery</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">guramlaz@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бадриев</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Badriev</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бадриев Денис Айдарович, асcистент кафедры травматологии, ортопедии и военно-полевой хирургии</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1. Москва, 117321</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Denis A. Badriev, assistant of the department of traumatology, orthopedics and military field surgery</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vartantamazyan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тамазян</surname><given-names>В. О.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tamazyan</surname><given-names>V. O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Тамазян Вартан Олегович, кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры травматологии, ортопедии и военно-полевой хирургии</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1. Москва, 117321</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Vartan O. Tamazyan, the Candidate of Medical Sciences, assistant professor of the department of traumatology, orthopedics and military field surgery</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vartantamazyan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сысоева</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sysoeva</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Сысоева Диана Альбертовна, клинический ординатор кафедры травматологии, ортопедии и военно-полевой хирургии</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1. Москва, 117321</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Diana A. Sysoeva, resident of the department of traumatology, orthopedics and military field surgery</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">vartantamazyan@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Горячев</surname><given-names>А. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Goryachev</surname><given-names>A. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Горячев Александр Александрович,  студент 5 курса</p><p>ул. Островитянова, д. 1. Москва, 117321</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Alexander A. Goryachev, 5th year student</p><p>Moscow</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">alexgoryachev2022@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н. И. Пирогова Минздрава России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>59</fpage><lpage>69</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Егиазарян К.А., Лазишвили Г.Д., Бадриев Д.А., Тамазян В.О., Сысоева Д.А., Горячев А.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Егиазарян К.А., Лазишвили Г.Д., Бадриев Д.А., Тамазян В.О., Сысоева Д.А., Горячев А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Egiazaryan K.A., Lazishvili G.D., Badriev D.A., Tamazyan V.O., Sysoeva D.A., Goryachev A.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jkto.moscow/jour/article/view/52">https://www.jkto.moscow/jour/article/view/52</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Поиски решения проблемы восстановления хряща коленного сустава ведутся уже более двух с половиной столетий. Известные на данный момент варианты хирургического лечения не дают полной гарантии восстановления анатомо-физиологической целостности коленного сустава, поэтому до сих пор имеется необходимость поиска новых, более совершенных способов, которые позволят достичь максимального результата. В данной работе выполнен анализ данных, опубликованных в мировой литературе по общепринятым методам хирургического лечения локальных хрящевых и костно-хрящевых дефектов коленного сустава, предоставлены данные эпидемиологии, подробно разобраны возможности этих методов, предоставлена аналитическая оценка преимуществ и недостатков, ведущих к ограничению использования традиционных вариантов хондропластик.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Поиск литературы производился на основе баз данных PubMed, Embase, eLybrary и Cochrane Library с использованием ключевых слов «гиалиновый хрящ», «хондропластика», «дебридмент», «костно-хрящевой дефект», «мозаичная хондропластика», «субхондральная туннелизация», «микрофрактурирование», «абразивная хондропластика», «трансплантация аутогенных хондроцитов», «новые комбинированные методы хондропластики». В анализ были включены работы, в которых были описаны известные методы хондропластики, оценивались их преимущества и недостатки, проводилось сравнение вариантов лечения дефектов суставного хряща и поиск зависимости размера дефекта и предпочтительного способа восстановления.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Органосберегающие операции на хряще коленного сустава на данный момент являются перспективным направлением, однако спектр применяемых оперативных вмешательств до сих пор ограничен площадью и глубиной хрящевого или костно-хрящевого дефекта. При лечении полнослойных дефектов площадью более 5 см2 возникают трудности, связанные с дефицитом пластического материала и перестройкой коллагеновой мембраны в центре крупного дефекта. Изолированное применение аллопластики в таких случаях не является удачной альтернативой одномыщелковому эндопротезированию. Накопленный нами опыт позволил предложить две комбинированные методики хондропластики костно-хрящевых дефектов большой площади. Комбинированная костно-хрящевая пластика за счёт относительной простоты выполнения и получения двухслойной структуры хряща расширяет показания к проведению органосохраняющих операций по восстановлению хряща коленного сустава и помогает избежать отсутствия ремоделирования коллагеновой мембраны в центре дефекта, однако необходимо проведение проспективно-ретроспективных исследований, направленных детальное сравнение нового вида хондропластики с классическими.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The search for a solution to the problem of knee cartilage restoration has been going on for more than two and a half centuries. Currently known surgical treatment options do not provide a complete guarantee of restoring the anatomical and physiological integrity of the knee joint, so there is still a need to find new, more advanced methods that will achieve maximum results. This paper analyzes data published in the world literature on generally accepted methods of surgical treatment of local cartilage and osteochondage defects of the knee joint, provides epidemiological data, analyzes in detail the possibilities of these methods, and provides an analytical assessment of the advantages and disadvantages leading to a limitation of the use of traditional chondroplasty options.</p></sec><sec><title>Materials and Methods</title><p>Materials and Methods. The literature search is based on databases PubMed, Embase, eLybrary and Cochrane Library using the keywords "hyaline cartilage", "chondroplasty", "debridement", "bone-cartilage defect", "mosaic chondroplasty", "subchondral tunneling", "microfracturing", "abrasive chondroplasty", "autogenous chondrocyte transplantation", "new combined methods of chondroplasty". The analysis included papers describing known chondroplasty methods, evaluating their advantages and disadvantages, comparing treatment options for articular cartilage defects, and searching for the relationship between the size of the defect and the preferred method of repair.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Organ-sparing surgery on the cartilage of the knee joint is currently a promising area, however, the range of surgical interventions used is still limited by the area and depth of the cartilaginous or bone-cartilaginous defect. When treating full-layer defects with an area of more than 5 cm2, difficulties arise due to a lack of plastic material and the restructuring of the collagen membrane in the center of a large defect. Isolated use of alloplasty in such cases is not a good alternative to monocondylar endoprosthetics. Our accumulated experience has allowed us to propose two combined techniques for chondroplasty of large-area bone and cartilage defects. Combined bone-cartilage plastic surgery due to the relative simplicity of performing and obtaining a two-layer cartilage structure expands the indications for organ-preserving operations to restore knee cartilage and helps to avoid the lack of remodeling of the collagen membrane in the center of the defect, however, it is necessary to conduct prospective and retrospective studies aimed at a detailed comparison of the new type of chondroplasty with classical ones.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гиалиновый хрящ</kwd><kwd>костно-хрящевой дефект</kwd><kwd>дебридмент</kwd><kwd>субхондральная туннелизация</kwd><kwd>микрофрактурирование</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hyaline cartilage</kwd><kwd>bone-cartilage defect</kwd><kwd>debridement</kwd><kwd>subchondral tunneling</kwd><kwd>microfracturing</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brix M., Kaipel M., Kellner R. et al. Successful osteoconduction but limited cartilage tissue quality following osteochondral repair by a cell-free multilayered nano-composite scaffold at the knee. Int Orthop. 2016;40(3):625-632. doi:10.1007/s00264-016-3118-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brix M., Kaipel M., Kellner R. et al. Successful osteoconduction but limited cartilage tissue quality following  osteochondral repair by a cell-free multilayered nano-composite scaffold at the knee. Int Orthop. 2016;40(3):625-632. doi:10.1007/s00264-016-3118-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Stanish W.D., McCormack R., Forriol F. et al. Novel scaffold-based BST-CarGel treatment results in superior cartilage repair compared with microfracture in a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(18):1640-1650. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.01345</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Stanish W.D., McCormack R., Forriol F. et al. Novel scaffold-based BST-CarGel treatment results in superior cartilage repair  compared with microfracture in a randomized controlled trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2013;95(18):1640-1650. doi:10.2106/JBJS.L.01345</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазишвили Г.Д., Егиазарян К.А., Никишин Д.В., Воронцов А.А., Шпак М.А., Клинов Д.В., Сиротин И.В. Экспериментальное обоснование применения коллагеновых мембран для реконструкции полнослойных дефектов гиалинового хряща. Хирургическая практика. 2021;(1):45-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazishvili G.D., Egiazaryan K.A., Nikishin D.V., Voroncov A.A., Shpak M.A., Klinov D.V., Sirotin I.V. Experimental substantiation of the use of collagen membranes for the reconstruction of fullthickness defects in hyaline cartilage. Hirurgicheskaya praktika. 2021;(1):45-52. (In Russ.)] doi: 10.38181/2223-2427-2020-1-45-52</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ficat RP. Idiopathic bone necrosis of the femoral head. Early diagnosis and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985;67(1):39. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.67B1.3155745</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ficat RP. Idiopathic bone necrosis of the femoral head. Early diagnosis and treatment. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1985;67(1):39. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.67B1.3155745</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Valisena S., Azogui B., Nizard R.S. et al. Microfractures, autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis, osteochondral autograft transplantation and autologous chondrocyte implantation for knee chondral defects: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. EFORT open Rev. 2024;9(8):785-795. doi:10.1530/EOR-23-0089</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Valisena S., Azogui B., Nizard R.S. et al. Microfractures, autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis, osteochondral autograft  transplantation and autologous chondrocyte implantation for knee chondral defects: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. EFORT open Rev. 2024;9(8):785-795. doi:10.1530/EOR-23-0089</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bomberg B.C., McGinty J.B. Acute hemarthrosis of the knee: indications for diagnostic arthroscopy. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg Off Publ Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 1990;6(3):221-225. doi:10.1016/0749-8063(90)90078-r</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bomberg B.C., McGinty J.B. Acute hemarthrosis of the knee: indications for diagnostic arthroscopy. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off  Publ Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 1990;6(3):221-225. doi:10.1016/0749-8063(90)90078-r</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Astur D.C., Bernardes A., Castro S. et al. Functional outcomes after patellar autologous osteochondral transplantation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(10):3084-3091. doi:10.1007/s00167-016-4108-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Astur D.C., Bernardes A., Castro S. et al. Functional outcomes after patellar autologous osteochondral transplantation. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(10):3084-3091. doi:10.1007/s00167-016-4108-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Samora W.P., Chevillet J., Adler B., Young G.S., Klingele K.E. Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: Predictors of lesion stability. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(1):1-4. doi:10.1097/BPO.0b013e31823d8312</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Samora W.P., Chevillet J., Adler B., Young G.S., Klingele K.E. Juvenile osteochondritis dissecans of the knee: Predictors of lesion stability. J Pediatr Orthop. 2012;32(1):1-4. doi:10.1097/BPO.0b013e31823d8312</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Егиазарян К.А., Лазишвили Г.Д., Храменкова И.В., Шпак М.А., Бадриев Д.А. Алгоритм хирургического лечения больных с рассекающим остеохондритом коленного сустава. Вестник Российского государственного медицинского университета. 2018;(2):77-83. doi: 10.24075/vrgmu.2018.020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Egiazaryan K.A., Lazishvili G.D., Hramenkova I.V., Shpak M.A., Badriev D.A. Knee osteochondritis desiccans: surgery algorithm. Vestnik Rossijskogo gosudarstvennogo medicinskogo universiteta. 2018;(2):77-83. (In Russ.) doi: 10.24075/vrgmu.2018.020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Everhart J.S., Siston R.A., Flanigan D.C. Tibiofemoral subchondral surface ratio (SSR) is a predictor of osteoarthritis symptoms and radiographic progression: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). Osteoarthr Cartil. 2014;22(6):771-778. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Everhart J.S., Siston R.A., Flanigan D.C. Tibiofemoral subchondral surface ratio (SSR) is a predictor of osteoarthritis  symptoms and radiographic progression: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative (OAI). Osteoarthr Cartil. 2014;22(6):771-778. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2014.04.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gobbi A., Scotti C., Karnatzikos G., Mudhigere A., Castro M., Peretti G.M. One-step surgery with multipotent stem cells and Hyaluronan-based scaffold for the treatment of fullthickness chondral defects of the knee in patients older than 45 years. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(8):2494-2501. doi:10.1007/s00167-016-3984-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gobbi A., Scotti C., Karnatzikos G., Mudhigere A., Castro M., Peretti G.M. One-step surgery with multipotent stem cells and Hyaluronan-based scaffold for  the treatment of fullthickness chondral defects of the knee in patients older than 45 years. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2017;25(8):2494-2501. doi:10.1007/s00167-016-3984-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lim H.C., Bae J.H., Song S.H., Park Y.E., Kim S.J. Current treatments of isolated articular cartilage lesions of the knee achieve similar outcomes knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(8):2261-2267. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2304-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lim H.C., Bae J.H., Song S.H., Park Y.E., Kim S.J. Current treatments of isolated articular cartilage lesions of the knee achieve similar outcomes knee. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2012;470(8):2261-2267. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2304-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Krych A.J., Saris D.B.F., Stuart M.J., Hacken B. Cartilage Injury in the Knee: Assessment and Treatment Options. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28(22):914-922. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-20-00266</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Krych A.J., Saris D.B.F., Stuart M.J., Hacken B. Cartilage Injury in the Knee: Assessment and Treatment Options. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020;28(22):914-922. doi:10.5435/JAAOS-D-20-00266</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kish G., Módis L., Hangody L. Osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of focal chondral and osteochondral lesions of the knee and talus in the athlete. Rationale, indications, techniques, and results. Clin Sports Med. 1999;18(1):45-66, vi. doi:10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70129-0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kish G., Módis L., Hangody L. Osteochondral mosaicplasty for the treatment of focal chondral and osteochondral  lesions of the knee and talus in the athlete. Rationale, indications, techniques, and results. Clin Sports Med. 1999;18(1):45-66, vi. doi:10.1016/s0278-5919(05)70129-0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Devitt B.M., Bell S.W., Webster K.E., Feller J.A., Whitehead TS. Surgical treatments of cartilage defects of the knee: Systematic review of randomised controlled trials. Knee. 2017;24(3):508-517. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2016.12.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Devitt B.M., Bell S.W., Webster K.E., Feller J.A., Whitehead TS. Surgical treatments of cartilage defects of the knee: Systematic review of  randomised controlled trials. Knee. 2017;24(3):508-517. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2016.12.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Goncars V., Kalnberzs K., Jakobsons E. et al. Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis with Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cell Injection: 12-Month Follow-up. Cartilage. 2019;10(1):26-35. doi:10.1177/1947603517746721</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Goncars V., Kalnberzs K., Jakobsons E. et al. Treatment of Knee Osteoarthritis with Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Cell  Injection: 12-Month Follow-up. Cartilage. 2019;10(1):26-35. doi:10.1177/1947603517746721</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Денисов А.С., Щеколова Н.Б., Загорак Д.П. Некоторые закономерности внутрисуставной патологии коленного сустава в возрастном и половом аспектах. Уральский медицинский журнал. 2019;(3):68-72. doi: 10.25694/URMJ.2019.03.25</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Denisov A.S., Shchekolova N.B., Zagorak D.P. Some regularities of the intraarticular pathology of the knee joint in the age and sex aspects. Ural Medical Journal. 2019;(3):68-72. (In Russ.) doi: 10.25694/URMJ.2019.03.25</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brittberg M. Knee osteochondritis dissecans-treatment technical aspects. J Orthop. 2022;34(August):104-110. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2022.08.005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brittberg M. Knee osteochondritis dissecans-treatment technical aspects. J Orthop. 2022;34(August):104-110. doi:10.1016/j.jor.2022.08.005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martin R., Jakob R.P. Review of K.H. Pridie (1959) on “A method of resurfacing osteoarthritic knee joints”. J ISAKOS Jt Disord Orthop Sport Med. 2022;7(1):39-46. doi:10.1016/j.jisako.2021.11.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martin R., Jakob R.P. Review of K.H. Pridie (1959) on “A method of resurfacing osteoarthritic knee  joints”. J ISAKOS  Jt Disord Orthop Sport Med. 2022;7(1):39-46. doi:10.1016/j.jisako.2021.11.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bentley G. The surgical treatment of chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60(1):74-81. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.60B1.627583</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bentley G. The surgical treatment of chondromalacia patellae. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1978;60(1):74-81. doi:10.1302/0301-620X.60B1.627583</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Insall J.N. Intra-articular surgery for degenerative arthritis of the knee. A report of the work of the late K. H. Pridie. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1967;49(2):211-228.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Insall J.N. Intra-articular surgery for degenerative arthritis of the knee. A report of the  work of the late K. H. Pridie. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1967;49(2):211-228.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Johnson L.L. Arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty historical and pathologic perspective: present status. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg Off Publ Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 1986;2(1):54-69. doi:10.1016/s0749-8063(86)80012-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Johnson L.L. Arthroscopic abrasion arthroplasty historical and pathologic perspective: present  status. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off  Publ Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 1986;2(1):54-69. doi:10.1016/s0749-8063(86)80012-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steadman J.R., Rodkey W.G., Rodrigo J.J. Microfracture: surgical technique and rehabilitation to treat chondral defects. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(391 Suppl):S362-9. doi:10.1097/00003086-200110001-00033</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steadman J.R., Rodkey W.G., Rodrigo J.J. Microfracture: surgical technique and rehabilitation to treat chondral defects. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(391 Suppl):S362-9. doi:10.1097/00003086-200110001-00033</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gill T.J., McCulloch P.C., Glasson S.S., Blanchet T., Morris E.A. Chondral defect repair after the microfracture procedure: a nonhuman primate model. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(5):680-685. doi:10.1177/0363546504271744</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gill T.J., McCulloch P.C., Glasson S.S., Blanchet T., Morris E.A. Chondral defect repair after the microfracture procedure: a nonhuman primate  model. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33(5):680-685. doi:10.1177/0363546504271744</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gobbi A., Nunag P., Malinowski K. Treatment of full thickness chondral lesions of the knee with microfracture in a group of athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005;13(3):213-221. doi:10.1007/s00167-004-0499-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gobbi A., Nunag P., Malinowski K. Treatment of full thickness chondral lesions of the knee with microfracture in a group of athletes. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2005;13(3):213-221. doi:10.1007/s00167-004-0499-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schuette H.B., Kraeutler M.J., Schrock J.B., McCarty E.C. Primary Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation of the Knee Versus Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation After Failed Marrow Stimulation: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49(9):2536-2541. doi:10.1177/0363546520968284</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schuette H.B., Kraeutler M.J., Schrock J.B., McCarty E.C. Primary Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation of the Knee Versus Autologous  Chondrocyte Implantation After Failed Marrow Stimulation: A Systematic Review. Am J Sports Med. 2021;49(9):2536-2541. doi:10.1177/0363546520968284</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Seewoonarain S., Ganesh D., Perera E. et al. Scaffoldassociated procedures are superior to microfracture in managing focal cartilage defects in the knee: A systematic review &amp; metaanalysis. Knee. 2023;42:320-338. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2023.04.001</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Seewoonarain S., Ganesh D., Perera E. et al. Scaffoldassociated procedures are superior to microfracture in managing focal  cartilage defects in the knee: A systematic review &amp; metaanalysis. Knee. 2023;42:320-338. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2023.04.001</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abraamyan T., Johnson A.J., Wiedrick J., Crawford D.C. Marrow Stimulation Has Relatively Inferior Patient-Reported Outcomes in Cartilage Restoration Surgery of the Knee: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50(3):858-866. doi:10.1177/03635465211003595</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abraamyan T., Johnson A.J., Wiedrick J., Crawford D.C. Marrow Stimulation Has Relatively Inferior Patient-Reported Outcomes in Cartilage  Restoration Surgery of the Knee: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Am J Sports Med. 2022;50(3):858-866.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hoburg A., Niemeyer P,. Laute V. et al. Matrix-Associated Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation with Spheroid Technology Is Superior to Arthroscopic Microfracture at 36 Months Regarding Activities of Daily Living and Sporting Activities after Treatment. Cartilage. 2021;13(1_suppl):437S-448S. doi:10.1177/1947603519897290</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">doi:10.1177/03635465211003595</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hinckel B.B., Thomas D., Vellios E.E. et al. Algorithm for Treatment of Focal Cartilage Defects of the Knee: Classic and New Procedures. Cartilage. 2021;13(1_suppl):473S-495S. doi:10.1177/1947603521993219</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hoburg A., Niemeyer P,. Laute V. et al. Matrix-Associated Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation with Spheroid Technology Is  Superior to Arthroscopic Microfracture at 36 Months Regarding Activities of Daily Living and Sporting Activities after Treatment. Cartilage. 2021;13(1_suppl):437S-448S. doi:10.1177/1947603519897290</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">van Tuijn I.M., Emanuel K.S., van Hugten P.P.W., Jeuken R., Emans P.J. Prognostic Factors for the Clinical Outcome after Microfracture Treatment of Chondral and Osteochondral Defects in the Knee Joint: A Systematic Review. Cartilage. 2023;14(1):5-16. doi:10.1177/19476035221147680</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hinckel B.B., Thomas D., Vellios E.E. et al. Algorithm for Treatment of Focal Cartilage Defects of the Knee: Classic and New  Procedures. Cartilage. 2021;13(1_suppl):473S-495S. doi:10.1177/1947603521993219</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Menche D.S., Frenkel S.R., Blair B. et al. A comparison of abrasion burr arthroplasty and subchondral drilling in the treatment of full-thickness cartilage lesions in the rabbit. Arthrosc J Arthrosc Relat Surg Off Publ Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 1996;12(3):280-286. doi:10.1016/s0749-8063(96)90059-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">van Tuijn I.M., Emanuel K.S., van Hugten P.P.W., Jeuken R., Emans P.J. Prognostic Factors for the Clinical Outcome after Microfracture Treatment of Chondral and Osteochondral Defects in the Knee Joint: A Systematic Review. Cartilage. 2023;14(1):5-16. doi:10.1177/19476035221147680</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gill T.J., Asnis P.D., Berkson E.M. The treatment of articular cartilage defects using the microfracture technique. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(10):728-738. doi:10.2519/jospt.2006.2444</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Menche D.S., Frenkel S.R., Blair B. et al. A comparison of abrasion burr arthroplasty and subchondral drilling in the treatment of full-thickness cartilage lesions in the rabbit. Arthrosc  J Arthrosc Relat Surg  Off  Publ Arthrosc Assoc North Am Int Arthrosc Assoc. 1996;12(3):280-286. doi:10.1016/s0749-8063(96)90059-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Gill T.J. The treatment of articular cartilage defects using microfracture and debridement. Am J Knee Surg. 2000;13(1):33-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gill T.J., Asnis P.D., Berkson E.M. The treatment of articular cartilage defects using the microfracture technique. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36(10):728-738. doi:10.2519/jospt.2006.2444</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Andriolo L., Merli G., Filardo G., Marcacci M., Kon E. Failure of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2017;25(1):10-18. doi:10.1097/JSA.0000000000000137</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gill T.J. The treatment of articular cartilage defects using microfracture and debridement. Am J Knee Surg. 2000;13(1):33-40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arøen A., Løken S., Heir S. et al. Articular cartilage lesions in 993 consecutive knee arthroscopies. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(1):211-215. doi:10.1177/0363546503259345</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Andriolo L., Merli G., Filardo G., Marcacci M., Kon E. Failure of Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2017;25(1):10-18. doi:10.1097/JSA.0000000000000137</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Сampbell C.J., Ishida H., Takashi H. The transplantation of articular cartilage. J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.). 1963;45(1):579-590.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arøen A., Løken S., Heir S. et al. Articular cartilage lesions in 993 consecutive knee arthroscopies. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32(1):211-215. doi:10.1177/0363546503259345</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">French M.M., Rose S., Canseco J., Athanasiou K.A. Chondrogenic differentiation of adult dermal fibroblasts. Ann Biomed Eng. 2004;32(1):50-56. doi:10.1023/b:abme.0000007790.65773.e0</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Сampbell C.J., Ishida H., Takashi H. The transplantation of articular cartilage. J. Bone Joint Surg. (Am.). 1963;45(1):579-590.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit39"><label>39</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Redondo M.L., Beer A.J., Yanke A.B. Cartilage Restoration: Microfracture and Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation. J Knee Surg. 2018;31(3):231-238. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1618592</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">French M.M., Rose S., Canseco J., Athanasiou K.A. Chondrogenic differentiation of adult dermal fibroblasts. Ann Biomed Eng. 2004;32(1):50-56. doi:10.1023/b:abme.0000007790.65773.e0</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit40"><label>40</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guzman A.J., Dela Rueda T., Rayos Del Sol S.M. et al. Arthroscopic Osteochondral Autograft Transfer System Procedure of the Lateral Femoral Condyle with Donor-Site Backfill Using Osteochondral Allograft Plug. Arthrosc Tech. 2021;10(12):e2683-e2689. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2021.08.012</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Redondo M.L., Beer A.J., Yanke A.B. Cartilage Restoration: Microfracture and Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation.                       J Knee Surg. 2018;31(3):231-238. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1618592</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit41"><label>41</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bobić V. Arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transplantation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a preliminary clinical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1996;3(4):262-264. doi:10.1007/BF01466630</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guzman A.J., Dela Rueda T., Rayos Del Sol S.M. et al. Arthroscopic Osteochondral Autograft Transfer System Procedure of the Lateral Femoral Condyle with Donor-Site Backfill Using Osteochondral Allograft Plug. Arthrosc Tech. 2021;10(12):e2683-e2689. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2021.08.012</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit42"><label>42</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hangody L., Ráthonyi G.K., Duska Z., Vásárhelyi G., Füles P., Módis L. Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A Suppl:65-72.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bobić V. Arthroscopic osteochondral autograft transplantation in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a preliminary clinical study. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1996;3(4):262-264. doi:10.1007/BF01466630</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit43"><label>43</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Di Martino A., Silva S., Andriolo L. et al. Osteochondral autograft transplantation versus autologous bone-cartilage paste grafting for the treatment of knee osteochondritis dissecans. Int Orthop. 2021;45(2):453-461. doi:10.1007/s00264-020-04804-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hangody L., Ráthonyi G.K., Duska Z., Vásárhelyi G., Füles P., Módis L. Autologous osteochondral mosaicplasty. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004;86-A Suppl:65-72.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit44"><label>44</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agneskirchner J.D., Brucker P., Burkart A., Imhoff A.B. Large osteochondral defects of the femoral condyle: press-fit transplantation of the posterior femoral condyle (MEGAOATS). Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2002;10(3):160-168. doi:10.1007/s00167-001-0259-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Di Martino A., Silva S., Andriolo L. et al. Osteochondral autograft transplantation versus autologous bone-cartilage paste  grafting for the treatment of knee osteochondritis dissecans. Int Orthop. 2021;45(2):453-461. doi:10.1007/s00264-020-04804-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit45"><label>45</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chahla J., Nitri M., Civitarese D., Dean C.S., Moulton S.G., LaPrade R.F. Anatomic Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech. 2016;5(1):e149-56. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2015.10.014</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agneskirchner J.D., Brucker P., Burkart A., Imhoff A.B. Large osteochondral defects of the femoral condyle: press-fit transplantation of  the posterior femoral condyle (MEGAOATS). Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2002;10(3):160-168. doi:10.1007/s00167-001-0259-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit46"><label>46</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Branam G.M., Saber A.Y. Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation. In: ; 2025.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chahla J., Nitri M., Civitarese D., Dean C.S., Moulton S.G., LaPrade R.F. Anatomic Double-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Arthrosc Tech. 2016;5(1):e149-56. doi:10.1016/j.eats.2015.10.014</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit47"><label>47</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthews J.R., Brutico J.M., Abraham D.T.et al. Differences in Clinical and Functional Outcomes Between Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation and Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for the Treatment of Focal Articular Cartilage Defects. Orthop J Sport Med. 2022;10(2):23259671211058424. doi:10.1177/23259671211058425</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Branam G.M., Saber A.Y. Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation. In: ; 2025.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit48"><label>48</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zouzias I.C., Bugbee W.D. Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in the Knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2016;24(2):79-84. doi:10.1097/JSA.0000000000000109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthews J.R., Brutico J.M., Abraham D.T.et al. Differences in Clinical and Functional Outcomes Between Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation and Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for the Treatment of Focal Articular Cartilage Defects. Orthop J Sport Med. 2022;10(2):23259671211058424. doi:10.1177/23259671211058425</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit49"><label>49</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davidson P.A., Rivenburgh D.W., Dawson P.E., Rozin R. Clinical, histologic, and radiographic outcomes of distal femoral resurfacing with hypothermically stored osteoarticular allografts. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(7):1082-1090. doi:10.1177/0363546507299529</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zouzias I.C., Bugbee W.D. Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation in the Knee. Sports Med Arthrosc. 2016;24(2):79-84. doi:10.1097/JSA.0000000000000109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit50"><label>50</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Grande D.A., Pitman M.I., Peterson L., Menche D., Klein M. The repair of experimentally produced defects in rabbit articular cartilage by autologous chondrocyte transplantation. J Orthop Res Off Publ Orthop Res Soc. 1989;7(2):208-218. doi:10.1002/jor.1100070208</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davidson P.A., Rivenburgh D.W., Dawson P.E., Rozin R. Clinical, histologic, and radiographic outcomes of distal femoral resurfacing  with hypothermically stored osteoarticular allografts. Am J Sports Med. 2007;35(7):1082-1090. doi:10.1177/0363546507299529</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit51"><label>51</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brittberg M., Lindahl A, Nilsson A., Ohlsson C., Isaksson O., Peterson L. Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(14):889-895. doi:10.1056/NEJM199410063311401</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Grande D.A., Pitman M.I., Peterson L., Menche D., Klein M. The repair of experimentally produced defects in rabbit articular cartilage by  autologous chondrocyte transplantation. J Orthop Res  Off Publ Orthop  Res Soc. 1989;7(2):208-218. doi:10.1002/jor.1100070208</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit52"><label>52</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Brittberg M., Tallheden T., Sjögren-Jansson B., Lindahl A., Peterson L. Autologous chondrocytes used for articular cartilage repair: an update. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(391 Suppl):S337-48. doi:10.1097/00003086-200110001-00031</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brittberg M., Lindahl A, Nilsson A., Ohlsson C., Isaksson O., Peterson L. Treatment of deep cartilage defects in the knee with autologous chondrocyte  transplantation. N Engl J Med. 1994;331(14):889-895. doi:10.1056/NEJM199410063311401</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit53"><label>53</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Migliorini F., Eschweiler J., Götze C., Driessen A. Tingart M, Maffulli N. Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (mACI) versus autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) for chondral defects of the knee: a systematic review. Br Med Bull. 2022;141(1):47-59. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldac004</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Brittberg M., Tallheden T., Sjögren-Jansson B., Lindahl A., Peterson L. Autologous chondrocytes used for articular cartilage repair: an update. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2001;(391 Suppl):S337-48. doi:10.1097/00003086-200110001-00031</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit54"><label>54</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kramer J., Böhrnsen F., Lindner U., Behrens P., Schlenke P., Rohwedel J. In vivo matrix-guided human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006;63(5):616-626. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5527-z</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Migliorini F., Eschweiler J., Götze C., Driessen A. Tingart M, Maffulli N. Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation (mACI) versus autologous  matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC) for chondral defects of the knee: a systematic review. Br Med Bull. 2022;141(1):47-59. doi:10.1093/bmb/ldac004</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit55"><label>55</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delcogliano M., de Caro F., Scaravella E., Ziveri G. De Biase C.F., Marotta D. et al. Use of innovative biomimetic scaffold in the treatment for large osteochondral lesions of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(6):1260–9. doi: 10.1007/s00167-013-2717-3</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kramer J., Böhrnsen F., Lindner U., Behrens P., Schlenke P., Rohwedel J. In vivo matrix-guided human mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006;63(5):616-626. doi:10.1007/s00018-005-5527-z</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit56"><label>56</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Queiroz A.A.B., Debieux P., Amaro J., Ferretti M., Cohen M. Hydrogel implant is as effective as osteochondral autologous transplantation for treating focal cartilage knee injury in 24 months. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(10):2934–41. doi: 10.1007/s00167-018-4834-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delcogliano M., de Caro F., Scaravella E., Ziveri G. De Biase C.F., Marotta D. et al. Use of innovative biomimetic scaffold in the treatment for large osteochondral  lesions of the knee. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2014;22(6):1260–9. doi: 10.1007/s00167-013-2717-3</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit57"><label>57</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Queiroz A.A.B., Debieux P., Amaro J., Ferretti M., Cohen M. Hydrogel implant is as effective as osteochondral autologous transplantation for  treating focal cartilage knee injury in 24 months. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(10):2934–41. doi: 10.1007/s00167-018-4834-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Queiroz A.A.B., Debieux P., Amaro J., Ferretti M., Cohen M. Hydrogel implant is as effective as osteochondral autologous transplantation for  treating focal cartilage knee injury in 24 months. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2018;26(10):2934–41. doi: 10.1007/s00167-018-4834-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
