<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">jkto</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Кафедра травматологии и ортопедии</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Department of Traumatology and Orthopaedics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2226-2016</issn><publisher><publisher-name>ПРОФИЛЬ — 2С</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17238/2226-2016-2024-3-25-31</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">jkto-67</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНОЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL RESEARCH</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Частота встречаемости различных этиологических вариантов остеонекроза головки бедренной кости</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Frequency of different etiological variants of the femoral head osteonecrosis</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4686-7892</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Панин</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Panin</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Панин Михаил Александрович — Врач-травматолог-ортопед отделения ортопедии ГБУЗ ГКБ № 17 ДЗ г. Москвы. Кандидат медицинских наук, доцент кафедры травматологии и ортопедии РУДН, РУДН. ГБУЗ «ГКБ № 17 ДЗМ»</p><p>Москва, ул. Волынская, 7, 119620; Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6, 117198; +79168213636</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Mikhail A. Panin — Traumatologist of orthopedics department of City Clinical Hospital № 17 Moscow, PhD, associate Professor in the department of traumatology and orthopedics of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, PFUR.</p><p>Moscow, 119620; Moscow, 117198+ 7 (916) 821 36 36</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">panin-mihail@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-2045</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бойко</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Boiko</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Бойко Андрей Викторович — Врач-травматологортопед отделения ортопедии ГБУЗ ГКБ № 17 ДЗ г. Москвы. ГБУЗ «ГКБ № 17 ДЗМ»</p><p>Москва, ул. Волынская, 7, 119620. +79299103699</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Andrey V. Boyko — Traumatologist of orthopedics department of City Clinical Hospital № 17.</p><p>119620 Moscow, + 7 (929) 910 36 99</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">boiko120393@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Петросян</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Petrosyan</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Петросян Арменак Серёжаевич — Кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий отделением ортопедии ГБУЗ ГКБ № 17 ДЗ г. Москвы. ГБУЗ «ГКБ № 17 ДЗМ»,</p><p>Москва, ул. Волынская, 7, 119620. +79263797400</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Armenak S. Petrosyan — PhD, head of orthopedics department of City Clinical Hospital № 17 Moscow.</p><p>119620 Moscow, +7 (926) 379 74 00</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">armenak.p@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0032-4710</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ананьин</surname><given-names>Д. А.</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ananin</surname><given-names>D. A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Ананьин Данила Алексеевич — Кандидат медицинских наук, ассистент кафедры травматологии и ортопедии РУДН.</p><p>Москва, ул. Миклухо-Маклая, 6, 117198. +79168218388</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Danila A. Ananin — PhD, teaching assistant in the department of traumatology and orthopedics of Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia.</p><p>Moscow +7 (916) 821 83 88</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">Ananuins@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Городская клиническая больница №17; ФГАОУ ВО Российский университет дружбы народов</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital № 17; Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Городская клиническая больница №17</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>City Clinical Hospital № 17</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ФГАОУ ВО Российский университет дружбы народов</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>13</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>0</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>31</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Панин М.А., Бойко А.В., Петросян А.С., Ананьин Д.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Панин М.А., Бойко А.В., Петросян А.С., Ананьин Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Panin M.A., Boiko A.V., Petrosyan A.S., Ananin D.A.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.jkto.moscow/jour/article/view/67">https://www.jkto.moscow/jour/article/view/67</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Введение</title><p>Введение. Общепризнанными факторами риска остеонекроза головки бедренной кости являются травма тазобедренного сустава, прием глюкокортикоидов, алкоголизм, болезнь Гоше, серповидноклеточная анемия и др., при наличии которых изучена частота развития данного заболевания. В то же время в литературе нет единого мнения относительно вклада различных этиологических факторов в развитие остеонекроза головки бедренной кости.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель исследования</title><p>Цель исследования: изучение структуры заболеваемости остеонекрозом головки бедренной кости с учетом фоновых заболеваний и факторов риска.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В исследование типа поперечного среза (cross-sectional study), включено 92 пациента с остеонекрозом головки бедренной кости. Сбор информации проводился путем анализа архивного материала и телефонного опроса. Проведен анализ соматического статуса пациентов, выявлены факторы риска остеонекроза и оценен их вклада в развитие заболевания. После разделения пациентов на подгруппы (возраст &lt; 50 лет, возраст ≥50 лет) достоверность значений определялась в программе STATISTIСА при подсчете значения р по точному двустороннему тесту Фишера.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Установлено, что ведущими причинами остеонекроза явились алкоголизм, прием глюкокортикоидов, травма тазобедренного сустава, которые отмечены с частотой 20,7 %, 17,4 %, 16,3 %. Развитие остеонекроза головки бедренной кости в отсутствие каких-либо известных предрасполагающих факторов выявлено с наибольшей частотой – 35,7 %. При анализе влияния возраста больных (&lt; 50 лет, ≥50 лет) на частоту встречаемости факторов риска развития остеонекроза головки бедренной кости достоверных различий ни по одному фактору выявлено не было.</p></sec><sec><title>Выводы</title><p>Выводы. Из этиологических факторов в структуре остеонекроза головки бедренной превалирует идиопатический остеонекроз. Из известных факторов риска остеонекроза головки бедренной кости наиболее часто встречающимися являются алкоголизм, прием глюкокортикоидов, травма тазобедренного сустава.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Introduction</title><p>Introduction. The generally recognized risk factors for osteonecrosis of the femoral head are hip joint trauma, glucocorticoid intake, alcoholism, Gaucher disease, sickle cell anemia, etc.. The incidence of this disease has been studied recently. At the same time, there is no consensus in the literature regarding the contribution of various etiological variants to the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head.</p></sec><sec><title>Purpose of the study</title><p>Purpose of the study: to study the morbidity structure of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with regard to background diseases and risk factors.</p><p>Material and Methods 92 patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head were included in the cross-sectional study. Information was collected by analyzing the archival material and a telephone survey. The patients' somatic status was analyzed, risk factors for osteonecrosis were identified and their contribution to the development of the disease was evaluated. After dividing patients into subgroups (age &lt; 50 years, age ≥ 50 years) the reliability of the values was determined in the STATISTICA program by calculating the p-value by Fisher's exact two-sided test.</p><p>Results It was found that the leading causes of osteonecrosis were alcoholism, glucocorticoid use, and trauma of the hip joint, with the frequencies of 20.7%, 17.4%, and 16.3%. The development of femoral head osteonecrosis in the absence of any known predisposing factors was detected with the highest frequency of 35.7%. When analyzing the effect of patient age (&lt; 50 years, ≥ 50 years) on the incidence of risk factors for osteonecrosis of the femoral head, no significant differences were found for any factor.</p><p>Conclusion Idiopathic osteonecrosis prevails among the etiological variants in the structure of femoral head osteonecrosis. The most common factors for the femoral head osteonecrosis are alcoholism, glucocorticoid intake and trauma of the hip joint.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>тазобедренный сустав</kwd><kwd>аваскулярный некроз</kwd><kwd>остеонекроз</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hip joint</kwd><kwd>avascular necrosis</kwd><kwd>osteonecrosis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">исследование не имело спонсорской поддержки</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">the study had no sponsorship</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Slobogean GP, Sprague SA, Scott T, Bhandari M. Complications following young femoral neck fractures. Injury. 2015 Mar;46(3):484-91. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.10.010. Epub 2014 Oct 31. PMID: 25480307.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Slobogean GP, Sprague SA, Scott T, Bhandari M. Complications following young femoral neck fractures. Injury. 2015 Mar;46(3):484-91. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.10.010. Epub 2014 Oct 31. PMID: 25480307.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Y, Li M, Zhang M et al. Femoral neck fractures: prognosis based on a new classification after superselective angiography. J Orthop Sci Off J Japan Orthop Assoc. 2013;18(3):443–50.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Y, Li M, Zhang M et al. Femoral neck fractures: prognosis based on a new classification after superselective angiography. J Orthop Sci Off J Japan Orthop Assoc. 2013;18(3):443–50.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aaron RK, Gray R. Osteonecrosis: etiology, natural history, pathophysiology, and diagnosis. In: Callaghan JJ, Rosenberg AG, Rubash HE, editors. The adult hip. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2007. pp. 465–76.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aaron RK, Gray R. Osteonecrosis: etiology, natural history, pathophysiology, and diagnosis. In: Callaghan JJ, Rosenberg AG, Rubash HE, editors. The adult hip. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins; 2007. pp. 465–76.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Felson DT, Anderson JJ. Across-study evaluation of association between steroid dose and bolus steroids and avascular necrosis of bone. Lancet. 1987;1(8538):902–6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92870-4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Felson DT, Anderson JJ. Across-study evaluation of association between steroid dose and bolus steroids and avascular necrosis of bone. Lancet. 1987;1(8538):902–6. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(87)92870-4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Arlet J. Nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head: past, present, and future. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;277:12–21.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arlet J. Nontraumatic avascular necrosis of the femoral head: past, present, and future. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992;277:12–21.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Patterson RJ, Bickel WH, Dahlin DC. Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the head of the femur. A study of fifty-two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1964;46:267–82.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Patterson RJ, Bickel WH, Dahlin DC. Idiopathic avascular necrosis of the head of the femur. A study of fifty-two cases. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1964;46:267–82.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matsuo K, et al. Influence of alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and occupational status on idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;234:115–23.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matsuo K, et al. Influence of alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, and occupational status on idiopathic osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;234:115–23.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Deegan PB, et al. Osseous manifestations of adult Gaucher disease in the era of enzyme replacement therapy. Medicine. 2011;90(1):52–60. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3182057be4.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Deegan PB, et al. Osseous manifestations of adult Gaucher disease in the era of enzyme replacement therapy. Medicine. 2011;90(1):52–60. doi: 10.1097/MD.0b013e3182057be4.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poll LW, et al. MRI bone marrow findings in 63 patients with type I Gaucher disease. Röfo. 2010;182(11):979–85.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poll LW, et al. MRI bone marrow findings in 63 patients with type I Gaucher disease. Röfo. 2010;182(11):979–85.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Colin Y, Le Van Kim C, El Nemer W. Red cell adhesion in human diseases. Curr Opin Hematol. 2014;21(3):186–92. doi: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000036.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Colin Y, Le Van Kim C, El Nemer W. Red cell adhesion in human diseases. Curr Opin Hematol. 2014;21(3):186–92. doi: 10.1097/MOH.0000000000000036.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mukisi-Mukaza M, et al. Prevalence, clinical features, and risk factors of osteonecrosis of the femoral head among adults with sickle cell disease. Orthopedics. 2000;23(4):357–63.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukisi-Mukaza M, et al. Prevalence, clinical features, and risk factors of osteonecrosis of the femoral head among adults with sickle cell disease. Orthopedics. 2000;23(4):357–63.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matos MA, et al. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell disease patients. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2012;14(2):155–60. doi: 10.5604/15093492.992286.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matos MA, et al. Avascular necrosis of the femoral head in sickle cell disease patients. Ortop Traumatol Rehabil. 2012;14(2):155–60. doi: 10.5604/15093492.992286.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Jones LC, et al. Procoagulants and osteonecrosis. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(4):783–91.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jones LC, et al. Procoagulants and osteonecrosis. J Rheumatol. 2003;30(4):783–91.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karimova EJ, et al. Femoral head osteonecrosis in pediatric and young adult patients with leukemia or lymphoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2007;25(12):1525–31. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.07.9947.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karimova EJ, et al. Femoral head osteonecrosis in pediatric and young adult patients with leukemia or lymphoma. J Clin Oncol Off J Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2007;25(12):1525–31. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2006.07.9947.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Niinimaki R, et al. Incidence of severe osteonecrosis requiring total joint arthroplasty in children and young adults treated for leukemia or lymphoma: a nationwide, register-based study in Finland and Denmark. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2013;2(4):138–44. doi: 10.1089/jayao.2013.0006.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Niinimaki R, et al. Incidence of severe osteonecrosis requiring total joint arthroplasty in children and young adults treated for leukemia or lymphoma: a nationwide, register-based study in Finland and Denmark. J Adolesc Young Adult Oncol. 2013;2(4):138–44. doi: 10.1089/jayao.2013.0006.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Griffiths-Jones W, et al. the equivalence of remote electronic and paper patient reported outcome (PRO) collection. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(11):2136–9. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2014.07.003.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Griffiths-Jones W, et al. the equivalence of remote electronic and paper patient reported outcome (PRO) collection. J Arthroplasty. 2014;29(11):2136–9. doi: 10.1016/j.arth.2014.07.003.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Steib-Furno S, et al. Pregnancy-related hip diseases: incidence and diagnoses. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;74(4):373–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.12.001.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Steib-Furno S, et al. Pregnancy-related hip diseases: incidence and diagnoses. Joint Bone Spine. 2007;74(4):373–8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2006.12.001.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sharareh B, Schwarzkopf R. Dysbaric osteonecrosis: a literature review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management. Clin J Sport Med. 2015 Mar;25(2):153-61. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000093. PMID: 24662571.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sharareh B, Schwarzkopf R. Dysbaric osteonecrosis: a literature review of pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management. Clin J Sport Med. 2015 Mar;25(2):153-61. doi: 10.1097/JSM.0000000000000093. PMID: 24662571.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">de Sautu de Borbón EC, Morales Conejo M, Guerra Vales JM. Prevalence of risk factors for the development of avascular hip necrosis in a third-level hospital. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2018 Mar-Apr;14(2):122-123. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.reuma.2017.04.011. Epub 2017 May 24. PMID: 28551174.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">de Sautu de Borbón EC, Morales Conejo M, Guerra Vales JM. Prevalence of risk factors for the development of avascular hip necrosis in a third-level hospital. Reumatol Clin (Engl Ed). 2018 Mar-Apr;14(2):122-123. English, Spanish. doi: 10.1016/j.reuma.2017.04.011. Epub 2017 May 24. PMID: 28551174.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malizos KN, Karantanas AH, Varitimidis SE, Dailiana ZH, Bargiotas K, Maris T. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: etiology, imaging and treatment. Eur J Radiol. 2007 Jul;63(1):16-28. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.03.019. Epub 2007 Jun 6. PMID: 17555906.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malizos KN, Karantanas AH, Varitimidis SE, Dailiana ZH, Bargiotas K, Maris T. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: etiology, imaging and treatment. Eur J Radiol. 2007 Jul;63(1):16-28. doi: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2007.03.019. Epub 2007 Jun 6. PMID: 17555906.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang XS, Zhuang QY, Weng XS, Lin J, Jin J, Qian WW. Etiological and clinical analysis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in Chinese patients. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013 Jan;126(2):290-5. PMID: 23324279.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang XS, Zhuang QY, Weng XS, Lin J, Jin J, Qian WW. Etiological and clinical analysis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in Chinese patients. Chin Med J (Engl). 2013 Jan;126(2):290-5. PMID: 23324279.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moya-Angeler J, Gianakos AL, Villa JC, Ni A, Lane JM. Current concepts on osteonecrosis of the femoral head. World J Orthop. 2015 Sep 18;6(8):590-601. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v6.i8.590. PMID: 26396935; PMCID: PMC4573503.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moya-Angeler J, Gianakos AL, Villa JC, Ni A, Lane JM. Current concepts on osteonecrosis of the femoral head. World J Orthop. 2015 Sep 18;6(8):590-601. doi: 10.5312/wjo.v6.i8.590. PMID: 26396935; PMCID: PMC4573503.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zalavras C, Dailiana Z, Elisaf M, Bairaktari E, Vlachogiannopoulos P, Katsaraki A, Malizos KN. Potential aetiological factors concerning the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000 Mar;30(3):215-21. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00621.x. PMID: 10691998.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zalavras C, Dailiana Z, Elisaf M, Bairaktari E, Vlachogiannopoulos P, Katsaraki A, Malizos KN. Potential aetiological factors concerning the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Eur J Clin Invest. 2000 Mar;30(3):215-21. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00621.x. PMID: 10691998.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mont MA, Cherian JJ, Sierra RJ, Jones LC, Lieberman JR. Nontraumatic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: Where Do We Stand Today? A Ten-Year Update. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Oct 7;97(19):1604-27. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.O.00071. PMID: 26446969.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mont MA, Cherian JJ, Sierra RJ, Jones LC, Lieberman JR. Nontraumatic Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: Where Do We Stand Today? A Ten-Year Update. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015 Oct 7;97(19):1604-27. doi: 10.2106/JBJS.O.00071. PMID: 26446969.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shannon B.D, Trousdale R.T. Femoral osteotomies for avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(418):34-40.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shannon B.D, Trousdale R.T. Femoral osteotomies for avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004;(418):34-40.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeSmet AA, Dalinka MK, Alazraki NP, et al; Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging. Avascular necrosis of the hip. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology (ACR); 2005.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeSmet AA, Dalinka MK, Alazraki NP, et al; Expert Panel on Musculoskeletal Imaging. Avascular necrosis of the hip. Reston, VA: American College of Radiology (ACR); 2005.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Choi HR, Steinberg ME, Y Cheng E. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: diagnosis and classification systems. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8:210–220.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Choi HR, Steinberg ME, Y Cheng E. Osteonecrosis of the femoral head: diagnosis and classification systems. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med. 2015;8:210–220.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hsin-Lin Tsai, Jei-Wen Chang, Jen-Her Lu, Chin-Su Liu. Epidemiology and risk factors associated with avascular necrosis in patients with autoimmune diseases: a nationwide study. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 2022;37(4):864-876. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2020.098.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hsin-Lin Tsai, Jei-Wen Chang, Jen-Her Lu, Chin-Su Liu. Epidemiology and risk factors associated with avascular necrosis in patients with autoimmune diseases: a nationwide study. The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine 2022;37(4):864-876. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2020.098.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Панин М.А., Загородний Н.В., Бойко А.В., Петросян А.С. Эффективность методик декомпрессии очага некроза в лечении ранних стадий аваскулярного некроза головки бедренной кости // Вестник травматологии и ортопедии им. Н.Н. Приорова. 2022;29(1):57−64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/vto100047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Panin MA, Zagorodniy NV, Boiko AV, Petrosyan AS. Efficacy of necrosis decompression techniques in the treatment of early stages of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. N.N. Priorov Journal of Traumatology and Orthopedics. 2022;29(1):57−64. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17816/vto100047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Agarwala SR, Vijayvargiya M, Pandey P. Avascular necrosis as a part of ‘long COVID-19’. BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Jul 2;14(7):e242101. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242101. PMID: 34215639; PMCID: PMC8256728.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Agarwala SR, Vijayvargiya M, Pandey P. Avascular necrosis as a part of ‘long COVID-19’. BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Jul 2;14(7):e242101. doi: 10.1136/bcr-2021-242101. PMID: 34215639; PMCID: PMC8256728.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Snowden GT, Clement ND, Zhang S, Xue Q, Simpson AHRW. Orthopaedic long COVID the unknown unknowns : are we facing a pandemic of avascular necrosis following COVID-19? Bone Joint Res. 2022 Jan;11(1):10-11. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.111.BJR-2021-0505. PMID: 35014543; PMCID: PMC8801165.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Snowden GT, Clement ND, Zhang S, Xue Q, Simpson AHRW. Orthopaedic long COVID the unknown unknowns : are we facing a pandemic of avascular necrosis following COVID-19? Bone Joint Res. 2022 Jan;11(1):10-11. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.111.BJR-2021-0505. PMID: 35014543; PMCID: PMC8801165.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hassan AAA, Khalifa AA. Femoral head avascular necrosis in COVID-19 survivors: a systematic review. Rheumatol Int. 2023 Sep;43(9):1583-1595. doi: 10.1007/s00296-023-05373-8. Epub 2023 Jun 20. PMID: 37338665; PMCID: PMC10348993.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hassan AAA, Khalifa AA. Femoral head avascular necrosis in COVID-19 survivors: a systematic review. Rheumatol Int. 2023 Sep;43(9):1583-1595. doi: 10.1007/s00296-023-05373-8. Epub 2023 Jun 20. PMID: 37338665; PMCID: PMC10348993.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
