Сравнение минимально инвазивного остеосинтеза и открытой репозиции и фиксации переломов проксимального отдела плечевой кости

   Около 5-6 % от всех переломов приходится на повреждение проксимального отдела плечевой кости. Тактика лечения зависит от множества факторов, включая степень смещения перелома, уровень активности пациента, сопутствующие травмы и заболевания, возраст, тип перелома и качество костной ткани. Наиболее приемлемыми оперативными опциями являются открытая репозиция и внутренняя фиксация (open reduction and internal fixation – ORIF), миниинвазивный остеосинтез пластиной (minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis – MIPO).

   Цель исследования: сравнить результаты исследований минимально инвазивной и открытой техник остеосинтеза проксимального отдела плечевой кости.

   Материалы и методы: был проведен поиск в PubMed, EMBASE, Кокрановской библиотеке, ScienceDirect, Web оf Science, чтобы найти все соответствующие исследования в период 2015-2023 гг. Кроме того, был проведен поиск в списках литературы соответствующих исследований. Лингвистических ограничений не было.

   Результаты: отобранные 24 статьи по дизайну являлись ретроспективными исследованиями, 9 статей посвящены только методике MIPO, 1 клинический случай – билатеральный ORIF. Всего в исследованиях 1698 пациентов проанализировано. Средний период наблюдения был 25.2 мес. Средний возраст пациентов был 61.3 ± 8 лет. Наиболее частые осложнения были аваскулятный некроз головки плечевой кости, субакромиальный импиджмент, перфорация винтом, инфицирование области послеоперационной раны, варус коллапс (потеря медиальной опоры), несращение, повреждение подмышечного нерва. По сравнению с ORIF, MIPO имеет преимущества по времени операции, репозиции большого бугорка, кровопотере, послеоперационному болевому синдрому, функции плеча в раннем послеоперационном периоде и косметическому результату. Вместе с тем, MIPO требует более длительного времени проведения рентгеновского исследования интраоперационно по сравнению с ORIF и по результатам некоторых работ, не показано при многофрагментарных сложных переломах. Не выявлено значимой разницы в частоте осложнений между этими методами.

   Заключение: до сих пор ORIF является стандартной методикой остеосинтеза при сложных многофрагментарных переломах. Однако, по многим показателям существенно не отличается от минимально инвазивной. Техника MIPO показывает себя перспективной и требует расширения показаний для применения.

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